Hi all!
As it might be a little while before the editorial for today's round is released (due to the open hacking phase), I thought I'd publish my solutions in case anyone wants to review the problems right away.
A — Divisibility Problem
There are a few ways to approach this. One is to find the next multiple of $$$B$$$ after $$$A$$$ and subtract $$$A$$$. Recall that we can compute $$$\frac{A}{B}$$$, rounded up, as $$$\frac{A+B-1}{B}$$$, rounded down. We can compute this value and then multiply it by $$$B$$$ to get the next multiple of $$$B$$$, subtracting $$$A$$$ to get our answer.
An alternative solution (and the one I implemented) is to realize that, as long as $$$A$$$ isn't already a multiple of $$$B$$$, the number of moves required is $$$B - (A \% B)$$$, since the distance to the next lower multiple of $$$B$$$ plus the distance to the next higher multiple of $$$B$$$ will be $$$B$$$. We can use this to compute the answer. In the case where $$$A$$$ is a multiple of $$$B$$$, this prints $$$B$$$ instead of $$$0$$$, so we can take this value modulo $$$B$$$ to compute the correct answer.
Runtime: $$$O(1)$$$. Click here for my submission.
B — K'th Beautiful String
We build the string character-by-character. At any stage, we want to find the $$$K$$$'th lexicographically smallest string starting with a certain prefix and including $$$X$$$ more characters, including $$$Y$$$ b's. Then, there are $$$Z = \dbinom{X-1}{Y}$$$ strings satisfying these conditions and with an 'a' as the next character. These strings are lexicographically smaller than all strings with b's as the next character, so if $$$K \leq Z$$$, we'll use one of these strings, and we should append an 'a' and continue with $$$X$$$ decreased by $$$1$$$. Otherwise, we need to append a 'b', so for our next stage, we want to find the $$$(K-Z)$$$'th lexicographically minimal string with $$$X-1$$$ more characters and $$$Y-1$$$ more b's.
Runtime: $$$O(N)$$$. Click here for my submission.
C — Ternary XOR
We build the answer digit by digit. Notice that the two numbers will be equal up to a certain point. As soon as we make the two numbers different, though, whichever number is bigger at this stage will always be bigger, no matter what we do, so we should seek to minimize this number without caring what happens to the smaller number. This means that as soon as we add different characters to the two numbers, every remaining digit in the larger number should be a zero, while the remaining digits in the smaller number should be the same as the digits of the input number.
Until we reach this point, though, we should try to keep the two numbers as balanced as possible to avoid making the larger one too big. When we process a $$$0$$$, we are clearly best off adding a $$$0$$$ to each number. When we process a $$$2$$$, we should add a $$$1$$$ to each number: this is better than adding a $$$0$$$ to one number and a $$$2$$$ to the other because this gives a maximum of $$$2$$$ rather than $$$1$$$. When we process a $$$1$$$, we must add a $$$1$$$ to one number and a $$$0$$$ to the other, and from here, we move into the stage described above, adding only $$$0$$$'s to the number that received the $$$1$$$ and appending all digits from the input to the number which received a $$$0$$$.
Runtime: $$$O(N)$$$. Click here for my submission.
D — Carousel
First, note that the answer will always be at most $$$3$$$. To achieve this, alternate between $$$1$$$ and $$$2$$$ for the first $$$N-1$$$ numbers, with the last number receiving a $$$3$$$. We can easily see that this guarantees that all adjacent figures have distinct colors, so we will never have a pair of adjacent figures with the same color and distinct types. (The reason $$$2$$$ may not be achievable is because the carousel is circular, so the last figure is adjacent to the first--this makes the odd case harder to deal with, since, for example, when $$$N=3$$$, we could end up with a result of 1, 2, 1, which doesn't work if the first and last figures are of different types.)
Now, we determine whether we can do better. It is trivial to check if the answer is $$$1$$$: this works only if all figures are of the same type. Now, we simply need to check if the answer is $$$2$$$ and provide a construction if so. To do this, we use dynamic programming. Without loss of generality, let the first figure have color $$$1$$$. Then, if it is possible to color the first $$$i$$$ figures in a valid way such that figure $$$i$$$ has color $$$j$$$, let $$$dp[i][j]$$$ be the color of figure $$$i-1$$$ used in one such coloring. Otherwise, let $$$dp[i][j] = -1$$$. To transition, if $$$dp[i][j] \neq -1$$$, we can transition to $$$dp[i+1][3-j]$$$ (if we let the colors be $$$1$$$ and $$$2$$$) from $$$dp[i][j]$$$, and if figures $$$i$$$ and $$$i+1$$$ have the same color, we can also transition to $$$dp[i+1][j].$$$
From here, we can determine whether an answer of $$$2$$$ is possible. If $$$dp[N-1][2]$$$ isn't $$$-1$$$, then we can definitely get an answer of $$$2$$$. If $$$dp[N-1][1]$$$ isn't $$$-1$$$ and figure $$$N-1$$$ has a different color from figure $$$0$$$, we can also achieve an answer of $$$2$$$. Either way, we can pick one of these cases and backtrack through our DP table to compute a valid coloring, if one exists.
If no such coloring exists, the answer must be $$$3$$$, and we can output the construction described above.
Runtime: $$$O(N)$$$. Click here for my submission.
E — Tree Queries
Let's start with an observation. Realize that if a path from the root goes through any vertex within distance $$$1$$$ of a node, it will also go through the vertex's parent. Thus, the problem is reduced to determining whether some path from the root contains the parents of all vertices in the query set. For simplicity, we simply replace every vertex in the query set with its parent (replacing the root with itself).
Since a path from the root to a vertex includes that vertex and its ascendants, we see that the answer is yes if and only if there is some node in the set that's a descendant of every other node in the set. We can perform a pre-order traversal, tracking entry and exit times, to enable us to determine in $$$O(1)$$$ whether some node $$$v$$$ is an ancestor of some node $$$u$$$. Then, we maintain a node that's a descendant of all nodes we've considered thus far. We process each node in the query set---if this node is an ancestor of our current node, we do nothing, and if the current node is an ancestor of this node, this node is now a descendant of all nodes we've considered, so we replace the current node with the new one. If neither node is an ancestor of the other, there is no vertex in the set that is a descendant of all the others, so the answer is no. If we finish this process and still have a valid result node, the answer is yes.
F — Make k Equal
Suppose we want to make $$$K$$$ elements of the set equal to some number $$$X$$$. If there are at least $$$K$$$ copies of $$$X$$$ in the set, this takes $$$0$$$ operations. Otherwise, realize that to make any number lower than $$$X$$$ equal to $$$X$$$, we must first raise all numbers lower than $$$X$$$ to $$$X-1$$$. Meanwhile, to make any number higher than $$$X$$$ equal to $$$X$$$, we must first lower all numbers greater than $$$X$$$ to $$$X+1$$$. Take for granted that we can compute the costs of doing these things---we'll explain how to do this below. Then, if there are at least $$$K$$$ numbers less than or equal to $$$X$$$, we can bring all the lower numbers to $$$X-1$$$ and then raise however many of them we need to $$$X$$$. If there are at least $$$K$$$ numbers greater than or equal to $$$X$$$, we can bring all the higher numbers to $$$X+1$$$ and then lower however many we need to $$$X$$$. In any case, we can also bring all the lower numbers to $$$X-1$$$ and all the higher numbers to $$$X+1$$$, after which we can take however many numbers we need to $$$X$$$.
Now, how can we determine the number of operations this will take for each possible $$$X$$$ efficiently? First, a quick observation: we only need to consider elements of the input array as $$$X$$$, as we can prove that as long as $$$X$$$ is not an element of the array, we can increase or decrease it to the next element of the input array without increasing the number of required operations. Then, we consider each possible $$$X$$$ in increasing order. We can then maintain the number of elements less than $$$X$$$ and the sum of all those elements, as well as the same values for the numbers greater than $$$X$$$. These values allow us to compute the costs of bringing all numbers lower than $$$X$$$ to $$$X-1$$$ or the costs of bringing all numbers higher than $$$X$$$ to $$$X+1$$$, after which we can consider each of the three cases above to compute our answer.
Runtime: $$$O(N \log N)$$$, to account for sorting. Click here for my submission.
