Must depend a lot on what kind of work you do. If you just do frontend web development chances are you don't even need to know Binary Search. On the other hand pretty much every algorithm has at least some context in which it can be used.

The most universally useful concept you can get from Competitive Programming is probably the notion of complexity. It should prevent you from writing really inefficient code.

Hopefully you will also gain the desire to profile and optimize the performance of your code, so you don't end up like Rockstar.