Codeforces: С++17 64bit Support

5 лет назад, # |

+507

I would donate for this.

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Vanilla_

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Agree, if Mike would start a patreon for this, the goal would be achieved in no time

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Sonic_AR

5 лет назад, # |

+10

i would pray for this

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5 лет назад, # |

how to initialize int128?

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

-6

To use it you should initialize variable as __int128 and use %llu with scanf and printtf

Tested on problem 4A — Watermelon

There is my submission : https://codeforces.me/contest/4/submission/73821176

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

+10

Sorry it doesnt work My bad

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U can use two long longs for doing it faster

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 5 →

-13

I found out that in order to use it every number it work with should be __int128 too. But you cannot read int128 or print it by using cout or cin, scanf and printf dont work too.

Example:

__int128 num, hundred = 100, ten = 10, zero = 0, one = 1;
string s;

int main() {
  num = one<<hundred;
  while (num > zero) {
    s += "0123456789"[num % ten];
    num /= ten;
  }
  reverse(all(s));
  cout << s;
}

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dmkz

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+15

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purplesyringa

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+11

Adding anything to std namespace is undefined behaviour. While it probably won't cause any problem, it's better to be safe and define to_string outside std (argument-dependent lookup makes the usage even easier).

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snowflame

5 лет назад, # ^ |

-8

We can use quickread and quickwrite to initialize __int128.

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Laggay

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+285

What's something to say when starting a blog or getting a handjob?

Mike: I hope you wash your hands and feel great.

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Prometheus

5 лет назад, # |

-15

Finally! I can't wait to try this out.

Thanks Mike

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dalex

5 лет назад, # |

+83

FYI, Rust supports int128. I once tried to learn it, and... now I'm washing my hands.

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taran_1407

5 лет назад, # |

-124

"I am slightly worried that the presence of such features may widen the gap between C ++ and other languages. Wait and see."

It'd anyway compensate if time multipliers would be considered for slower languages. (Feature Request :P)

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f22raptor

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+18

The Church of C strikes out with the infamous downvote :P

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

+19

I'm always stunned by how much people dislike the idea of time multipliers. It decreases the gap between languages. I often want to give bigger TL in div2-ABC for Python, and sometimes slightly bigger TL for Java in hard problems.

Time multipliers can help to maximize the ratio slowestIntendedSolution / fastestNaiveSolution (assuming that running time is divided by time multiplier).

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_dobby_

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+71

This reminds me of a local contest we hosted on HackerRank, the expected solution for the hardest problem (related to strings) was O(nlog(n)), but we had several Bruteforce (O(n^2)) solutions accepted due to the large multiplier for python language (x10) on HackerRank.

And it turns out that python is not so slow with strings.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

+12

This reminds me of thousands of times when people can't solve Codeforces problems in Python.

Yes, organizers need to be careful with multipliers. It's stupid to give Python a x10 multipier. Same for Java, some simple operations can be equally fast as in C++.

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_dobby_

5 лет назад, # ^ |

I wasn't taking any side. I am not some learned person to wisely put forward my views on this matter.

It was just some incident that I thought might be worth noting in this debate.

Sure there must be workarounds or ways to handle this situation, but we didn't consider this as a possible problem before setting up.

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dunpeal

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 7 →

You bring up a valid point, that a constant multiplier can be too blunt: the performance gap between Python and C++ isn't constant, so a constant multiplier in some cases would be too much, and in other cases too little — i.e. you wouldn't be able to write an accepted solution in Python with a multiplier that's too low.

Personally I love using Python, and I wish solving this problem was simpler.

One possible solution is to ensure that each problem has an acceptable optimal solution in Python, but if that requires a multiplier, also ensure any suboptimal solution won't pass. Obviously that's a lot of work for the setter, and very hard to get right: a Python expert may be able to write a faster naive solution than the setter's fastest naive solution, and then get AC with the multiplier. Even if the setter spends all that effort and gets it exactly right for Python, competitors will complain that their favorite dynamic language doesn't get the same treatment, so the setter will have to spend the same effort on all 20 supported languages, which is simply unrealistic.

So as much as I love Python, I must agree with riadwaw below that the most practical solution is to standardize on C++. Then the problem setters only have to check the above (optimal solution passes, suboptimal solution TLEs) for 1 language instead of 20.

We should also mention that it's possible for a language to be so fast that a naive solution would pass. In practice if you make sure that doesn't happen for C++, then you are pretty safe for all other languages since they tend to be slower than C++ across the board. That feature of C++ is a big reason to standardize on it.

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riadwaw

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+58

I think any constant multiplier will be bad, because in some problems it's possible to write solution that will spend most time in the compiled arts written in C/C++, which will take time close to time in C++.

This leaves with the option to set the TLs manually, but that requires authors to write solutions in 20 languages and they better know them well, not to leave these loopholes.

I think that leaving hard problems c++-only is lesser of evil. (And for easier problems you can often just reduce the constraints anyway)

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

+20

It just happens a lot that organizers have solutions in Python for easy problems and in Java for hard problems and they see that slightly different TL for a different language would be better. Time multipliers shouldn't be default for sure.

in some problems it's possible to write solution that will spend most time in the compiled arts written in C/C++, which will take time close to time in C++.

I agree that this is dangerous and a good argument to avoid time multipliers.

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riadwaw

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+76

After all, "do something so that our computer can answer these questions(tests) in 2s each" sounds reasonable, while "do something so that our computer can answer these questions(tests) in 2s each, but if you know only python, 10s is fine" is more strange

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GottaGoFaster

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Yeah, that's why it's wrong to give Java x2 multiplier!

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plagues

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+36

Yes, but languages has some dignities and some shortcomings, and language speed it's one of shortcomings, you can choose other language if you do not like this.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

A lot of programmers know Python and they are discouraged from participating in Codeforces because TL is adjusted to C++ and Java. Are you sure that "learn a new language" is the best solution here?

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plagues

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

+13

Hmmmm, what if I know only C++, but python has some functions what i need and C++ has not it? Codeforces must import this functions in C++? No, because it is shortcomings of C++ and I can choose other language if I do not like this.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

+20

C++ is anyway better suited than Python (for CP). You're saying that we can't make two languages equivalent so we shouldn't decrease the gap even if it's easy. I strongly disagree. Making Python viable in div2 would greatly broaden the competitive programming community in the long run.

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dunpeal

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

You're saying that we can't make two languages equivalent so we shouldn't decrease the gap even if it's easy.

The problem is that it's not easy.

You need to get the multiplier exactly right, so the optimal solution passes but all suboptimal solutions TLE. That's very hard to do even just in Python, and you'll have to be a Python expert to know how to write the fastest naive code. Now multiply by the 20 languages Codeforces supports and it's obviously impractical.

Even just for Python it may be impractical. Because of extreme differences between certain optimal and suboptimal techniques. For some problems, I may be able to use techniques that rely heavily on CPython's C routines and thus approach C performance, and with the multiplier I will AC naive solutions, but you will not be able to remove the multiplier, because if someone doesn't know these specific techniques they won't be able to get an optimal solution to AC without it.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

No, you don't need to get the multiplier exactly right. Almost always it's true that naive C++ solution is faster than naive Python solution, and intended C++ is faster than intended Python. Then multiplier of 1.001 for Python always improves the ratio slowestIntended/fastestNaive. And almost always the multiplier of 1.25 will be good too, sometimes even 2 or 5.

Even if the setter spends all that effort and gets it exactly right for Python, competitors will complain that their favorite dynamic language doesn't get the same treatment, so the setter will have to spend the same effort on all 20 supported languages, which is simply unrealistic.

(this is quote from your other comment above)
Helping users of just Python is much better than not helping at all. Other languages are screwed in both cases.

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dunpeal

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 5 →

And almost always the multiplier of 1.25 will be good too, sometimes even 2 or 5.

That right there is the problem:

A multiplier of 1.25 sounds nice and harmless. Indeed, you could probably apply a 1.25 constant multiplier safely right now. Why? Because it does almost nothing.

Python is generally slower than C++ by a factor that's far larger than 1.25. So 1.25 won't do much harm (you won't be able to cheese with it). It also won't do much good. If a problem was unsolvable in Python, a multiplier of 1.25 would almost never help you.

A multiplier that would actually make a difference would be closer to 5, which I believe is the multiplier on CodeChef. But then of course you are risking cheese if I can delegate most of the work to C routines.

I'm personally all for improving Python usability on Codeforces, but we should be aware of the potential issues. Incidentally, there's a 3rd-party project to do that, PyRival.

The best solution an OJ could implement would be to compile all solutions to the same Intermediate Representation (IR) that runs on an identical virtual machine. You can then calculate the exact computational cost of each solution, in terms of primitive operations. You could also just run it and expect the running time to be equivalent.

A second fundamentally correct approach would be to compute the actual time complexity of the solution by running it through multiple input sizes and calculating the running time growth curve.

The first approach is a pretty big project, but its result will be a drop-in replacement for the various platforms currently used by all OJs. The second one is a bit more realistic, but of course requires some more work from the setters and will not immediately work on existing test suites.

Notice that by standardizing on C++, as the CP community has effectively done, we get all the benefits of the first approach without the cost of an ambitious and difficult VM project. That's why most people are pushing to keep it as the status quo.

My guess is that we either stay in this current status quo, or we start applying multipliers to Python, and then we will have cases when people cheese naive solutions by delegating to C routines. Personally, I'm sympathetic to the argument that this is a small price to pay for the great benefit of making CP more widely accessible and inviting to newbies. Perhaps the best realistic approach would be to apply multipliers in div2 but not in the more competitive divisions and contests.

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https://codeforces.me/contest/1305/submission/73826085

5 лет назад, # ^ |

What I want as a setter is an ability to choose a different TL for Java and Python sometimes. It doesn't matter what be be a good constant multiplier, my examples with numbers were there to show that we don't need to get the number exactly right.

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jai_dewani

5 лет назад, # ^ |

I agree to that, I have good experience with Python because I use it for development hence I use it for CP as well as it's easy for me to just start writing code in python without even thinking much (Time is of utmost importance here, right? :p).
It is almost like a third language to me after Hindi and English. It took me a long time to get to this comfort zone, learning another language to this fluency will take up a long time for me.

I believe people like me who don't wanna learn a whole new language because they enjoy doing CP for fun in their native language, multipliers should be taken care of at least for div2 because that's where we are most of the time.

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shamdin

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Wouldn't it be great if numpy was supported?

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jai_dewani

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Yes, I learned just some months back CodeChef does support numpy!

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Chilli

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 3 →

+65

With this improvement, we can now cheese https://codeforces.me/contest/1305/problem/F with a fast factoring implementation (taken from KACTL + Montgomery reduction):

Thanks Mike!

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hoke_t

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

+31

chilli orz

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navneet.h

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

you could also try delaunay triangulation using int128, my submission for simple question, also i want to ask what is this error,Judgement failed

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Ari

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+53

All the work that went into preparing that problem is now dead QAQ.

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Narut

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+65

time to

#define int long long

in my template

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pajenegod

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+41

Make it

#define int int long long

for some extra style points

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Priyam2k

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

+26

More style points

#define int long int long

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UnbeatableMaster

5 лет назад, # ^ |

can you explain it?

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jef

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Order of type modifiers doesn't matter, so #define int long int long replaces int with long int long, which is the same as long long int and long long.

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HipHop

5 лет назад, # |

+55

Wow! Now we need more contests on the quarantine please.

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5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+16

Main question: how do 64-bit instructions perform in this mode? Are they still much slower than on 64-bit systems?

Second attempt: 73831074, judgement failed — system failed to run file. Dunno why, but I get the feeling that's not supposed to happen.

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okwedook

5 лет назад, # ^ |

-8

I also have a similar problem

73994883 and 73994843 are absolutely the same, but C++17 (64) gives WA, while C++17 (32) passes.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

That could be undefined behaviour. Either that or a compiler bug, but it makes sense for UB to happen only in one version.

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Igorjan94

5 лет назад, # ^ |

O_o

const int N = 502;
...
int16_t dp[N][N][N];
...
for (int len = 1; len <= 10000; ++len)
     checkmax(dp[i][j][len], dp[i][j][len - 1]);

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okwedook

5 лет назад, # ^ |

You obviously miss the point. In each for-loop under it I check i + len <= n and j + len <= m.

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Igorjan94

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Ah yes. By default skipped these lines "there is a usual for"
So, this is really strange behaviour

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ffao

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+14

You use the value of R.p without initializing it, which is undefined behavior.

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okwedook

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Yeah, I suppose that's true. Now I can't trust anything!!

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YahiaAglan74

5 лет назад, # |

+21

This is the best thing happen in 2020

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I_love_natalia

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+62

Imagine how wide the gap between C++ and other languages will be if we have compilers that are not obsoleted (eg 19.24 for MSVC and 9.0 for clang) with C++2a turned on...

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NaOH_Frog

5 лет назад, # |

Now I would definitely not meet my ancestor because long long isn't enabled. :)

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forget_it

5 лет назад, # |

Can someone please explain ,what this 64 bit g++ means.

Under which computer science topic ,does this knowledge come. (presently ,i only know how to code in c++,and topics like OS, COA basics are undergoing in my college)

I want to know what is this ,so that i can join this experimentation and testing.

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https://github.com/GaurangTandon/codeforces-darktheme

5 лет назад, # ^ |

The topics are CPU/low-level programming and OS.

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jef

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

The relevant topics are probably processor architectures and other low level stuff. 32 bit and 64 bit refer to the word size of the processor.

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oversolver

5 лет назад, # |

+19

well done, what goal for dark mode?

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sushkov.pv

5 лет назад, # ^ |

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spookywooky

5 лет назад, # |

xalanq, I would be super happy to see that option in cf-tool Thanks for the work!

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AkiLotus

5 лет назад, # |

+16

Just curious, but will this support available in Polygon as well?
Speaking of which, I'd be glad if Polygon supports PyPy, since its behavior compared to Python is completely different (other than just "significantly-faster") and Python solutions should be tested equally on both when preparing problems. ;)

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nishant.ns19

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

Can anyone tell me how to add

<boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp> and

library for big integers on mac(c++) ?

P.s. I am currently using sublime for coding with olympic fast coding add on.

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madhur4127

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Boost.multiprecision is a header-only library so brew install boost should place the required headers in boost subdirectory under /usr/include.

Alternatively, you can download the headers from Boost.Multiprecision's GitHub repository and place it wherever you want but make sure to add the path of the downloaded directory or use -I compiler flag instead.

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nishant.ns19

5 лет назад, # ^ |

I will try it. Thanks :)

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jef

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+11

You can't use boost or other third party libraries on Codeforces or any other competitive programming site that I know of though.

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nishant.ns19

5 лет назад, # ^ |

I once used it on Codechef .

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BITree

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 4 →

-34

...

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mango_lassi

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+14

Should we ban using integers in python because they can be arbitrarily large? This argument is just ridiculous.

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BITree

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

-19

...

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BITree

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

Now I can use #define int __int128 ????

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Pecco

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Note that you have to implement I/O by your own, because __int128 is supported by neither cin/cout nor scanf/printf.

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prakhar_111

5 лет назад, # ^ |

And how exactly to do that? Can you give a simple example?

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Pecco

5 лет назад, # ^ |

If you've ever used fast read-in, you may feel familiar with this:

__int128 read()
{
    __int128 ans = 0;
    int sgn = 1;
    char c = getchar();
    while (!isdigit(c))
    {
        if (c == '-')
            sgn *= -1;
        c = getchar();
    }
    while (isdigit(c))
    {
        ans = ans * 10 + c - '0';
        c = getchar();
    }
    return ans * sgn;
}

As for output:

void print(__int128 x)
{
    if (x > 9)
        print(x / 10);
    putchar(x % 10 + '0');
}

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mango_lassi

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+25

YES YES YES! Finally convex hull trick isn't obnoxious to code! Finally we can factor large integers! Best feature ever!

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ksun48

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+184

Featured in next cf round: a[i] <= 5*10^37 in input.

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Golovanov399

5 лет назад, # ^ |

And how am I supposed to read this

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Neroast

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+44

As a string and then convert

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Spheniscine

3 года назад, # ^ |

+20

Took slightly over two years, but it's happened 1656H - Equal LCM Subsets

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Chilli

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

What's annoying about either of these? I don't think I've seen people setting obnoxiously large points that require convex hull.

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mango_lassi

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Whoops, I meant convex hull trick.

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Bishwanath

5 лет назад, # |

What about for the Linux users? :)

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Norrius

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Just install g++, your system already supports it. Windows users have to resort to Cygwin or MinGW to get GCC because GCC primarily targets Linux.

You could use alternative compilers such as MSVC, but then the resulting binary might be significantly different between your local machine and the judge.

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avm

5 лет назад, # |

On Linux, gdc is shipped with gcc9. Does gdc work in given msys2 distribution? If it does, it is possible to consider adding this alternative DLang compiler on Codeforces in a separate slot?

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Abdelrahman_Alaa_

5 лет назад, # |

** Solution to include bits/stdc++.h in visual c++ **

Because I really suffered from remembering all libraries you can add #include <bits/stdc++.h> which includes all libraries

This is just a method i used to make me able to include bits/stdc++.h
in visual c++.
for those had minGW installed on PC :
C:\MinGW\mingw32\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\c++\mingw32\bits
copy this folder and then go to this adress
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\VC\include
paste your folder. go to your visual studio project type bits you will see
the auto-complete for the library and then choose stdc++.h
for those don't have minGW:
you should write your own header file and include all libraries in it then
go to C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\VC\include
make new folder name it "bits" and name the header file stdc++.h
then paste it in "bits" folder.
Hope this helps you!
Happy coding

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

Alternative: don't use bits/stdc++.h because it takes way too long to compile, just use a few common includes.

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p__q

5 лет назад, # |

Finally! Thanks, Mike

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Falcon__

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 3 →

-23

emmmm,Sorry

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AkiLotus

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Butthurt with other languages' fancy libraries?
Keep in mind that referring to other libraries and calling methods from class will be slightly slower, not to mention big integer arithmetic by strings cannot match actual ALU-in-depth arithmetic support. That explains how BigInteger (Java) and Python int with large absolute value is significantly slower when used.

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Falcon__

5 лет назад, # ^ |

Sorry Sir,I am too excited with int128's appearance in codeforce ,I think I should apologize for every pyer and javaer~ Sorry bros!

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5 лет назад, # |

Thanks MikeMirzayanov for the kind correspondence and for this good news.

P.S. Please consider fixing the following typo in the first prompt of the pbox command

PBOX is abscent or not the last release. Downloading...

It should be written in English as

PBOX is absent or not the last release. Downloading...

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OrientalHorizon

5 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

Is scanf("%I64d", &a); also available while reading a 64-bit integer in this mode, or we have to change it?

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 4 →

Backward compatibility is often among the features that software developers and engineers aim to maintain when introducing new versions of computer language compilers.

Check the following performance comparison using the same code:

GNU C++17 9.2.0 (64-bit) 30 msec and 12 KB 74014633
GNU C++17 7.3.0 (32-bit) 31 msec and 8 KB 74017705

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tribute_to_Ukraine_2022

5 лет назад, # |

+34

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int nax = 2e5;
using ll = long long;
bitset <nax>b;
int main() {
	ll ans = 0;
	int p = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < nax; ++i) {
		b[p] = 1;
		p += 99827;
		if (p >= nax) p -= nax;
		ans += b.count();
	}
	printf("%lld\n", ans);
}

I tried running following code in custom test. Results:

gnu g++17 (64bit):

20000100000
=====
Used: 2807 ms, 20 KB

gnu g++17 (32bit):

20000100000
=====
Used: 2448 ms, 28 KB

Shouldn't bitsets be faster on 64bit machines?

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box

5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

-30

Anything using bitset is profoundly slow. Any container in STL is profoundly slow, actually, but bitset is one of the slowest containers. I stopped using it after getting TLE on several problems from using the STL.

If it's really necessary for an 8x memory optimization, it's possible to write a bitset by hand, with an array of uint8_t.

For reference, this code

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int nax = 2e5;
using ll = long long;
uint8_t b[(nax+7)>>3];
int main() {
	ll ans = 0;
	int p = 0, bc = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < nax; ++i) {
	    bc += !(bool)(b[p>>3]&(1<<(p&7)));
		b[p>>3] |= 1<<(p&7);
		p += 99827;
		if (p >= nax) p -= nax;
		ans += bc;
	}
	printf("%lld\n", ans);
}

uses the same amount of memory and runs in 0ms.

20000100000

=====
Used: 0 ms, 20 KB

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tribute_to_Ukraine_2022

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+20

Of course it does run faster because your code has linear complexity and mine has quadratic divided by word size.

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5 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 14 →

-10

The following implementation of your program using vector<uint64_t> is much faster.

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tribute_to_Ukraine_2022

5 лет назад, # ^ |

+11

Yes. I do know it is possible to implement bitset in a way, that count works in constant time (and by the way slow down all other operations by some constant). It doesn't matter here. I intentionally implemented something in $$$O(n^2)$$$ to measure time on 32-bit and 64-bit machine.

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