Kuroni's blog

Codeforces Round #558 (Div. 2) Editorial
By Kuroni, history, 6 years ago, In English

Hello everyone, this is the editorial for Codeforces Round 558 (Div. 2). I hope you enjoy the problem as well as I did!

1163A - Eating Soup

Author: ArguteOnAir

Tutorial
Implementation

1163B2 - Cat Party (Hard Edition)

Author: Shirone

Tutorial
Implementation

1163C2 - Power Transmission (Hard Edition)

Author: GreymaneSilverfang

Tutorial
Implementation

1163D - Mysterious Code

Author: Kuroni

Tutorial
Implementation

1163E - Magical Permutation

Author: Kuroni

Tutorial
Implementation
Implementation with DFS

1163F - Indecisive Taxi Fee

Author: Kuroni

Tutorial
Implementation
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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +16 Vote: I do not like it

Auto comment: topic has been updated by Kuroni (previous revision, new revision, compare).

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +13 Vote: I do not like it

Fast editorial :)

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +57 Vote: I do not like it

The way Grey code was included in E, so natural, I can only say it was extremely elegant. Another kudo for you guys. ;)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +7 Vote: I do not like it

    can you please explain the solution for E a little bit more? I didn't get it :(

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +18 Vote: I do not like it

I really liked problem B.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +22 Vote: I do not like it

Problem E is just beautiful.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    You can say it was magical :D

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      in your if block of add function, no need to sort. again, great problem!

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    "such that the xor value of any two consecutive elements belongs to the basis; or in other words, the corresponding bitmask of any two consecutive elements in the magical permutation differs by exactly 1 bit." Can you explain this part?

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Suppose the elements needed to create basis are $$$v_0, v_1, ... v_{x - 1}$$$.

      Suppose x = 2; Grey code is,

      00 01 11 10 Now you can create magical permutation by taking xor's of all $$$v_i$$$'s for all set bits i. In this case magical permutation is

      $$$0$$$, $$$v_0$$$, $$$v_1\oplus v_0$$$, $$$v_1$$$

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

really good problem set, I need more clarification about the counting techniques in problem B, any help would be appreciated

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    You use 2 counting arrays, one for counting the occurrence of colors, and one for counting the number of colors which have the same occurrences. You can have a look at the implementation for more details.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      About idea maintain a "max" variable: frequency that appears most often. I see this brilliant. Maintain count[] and freq[] are also very beautiful. How can you come up with this solution ? Do we have any similar problems using this technique ? Thanks so much.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      could you please explain in a bit more detail. Didnt understand how to implement the same, even after going through the implementation code

      Thanks

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

Why long double fails for C whereas double passes ?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +17 Vote: I do not like it

    When you use floating point numbers there are always rounding errors. Using double just happens to discard the rounding errors < $$$10^{15}$$$ so something actually wrong (like a == b) just happens to work.

    Do NOT use floating point numbers in problems like this. They'll catch you and knock down you, maybe in an important contest.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Is there any possible test case that would fail for double as well?

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        5 years ago, # ^ |
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        Rounding off of double leads to incorrect key for mappings.

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        5 years ago, # ^ |
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        On 32-bit x86 machines (for example, Codeforces runners) map<double, ...> is essentially broken because x87 registers use 80-bit representation while the result stored into the memory is truncated into 64-bit. It only "works" because of blind luck.

        Maybe map<volatile double, int> will work (since volatile forces the value to be stored into the memory and eliminates the "existence" of 80-bit value).

        Even if SSE is used (for e.g on x86-64) or we somehow workaround this x87 problem, a1/b1 and a2/b2 may be different but truncated to the same value. I'm not sure if it could happen under the constraint of this problem.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +19 Vote: I do not like it
My Solution of Problem B
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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Can you tell me how can you come up with this data structure ? Or we just need to practice more ? I see the idea of maintain a "max" variable: frequency that has maximum color. How can we come up with this idea ?

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +7 Vote: I do not like it

Can someone suggest similar problems to D since many people said it is standard?

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +16 Vote: I do not like it

Are you sure about time complexity of D? should it not be c*|s|*|t|*26?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

    The exact complexity is indeed $$$O(26 * |c| * |s| * |t|)$$$, but I removed the constant to simplify it.

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6 years ago, # |
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Any links to the tutorial for solving such problems using Gaussian elimination ? Also any links for learning general Gaussian elimination?

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6 years ago, # |
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For C, is this really true...?

These are the pairs with the same slope (i.e. same value of a and b),

I wonder how about such cases like 4x + 6y = 5 and 2x + 3y = 4, which are parallel

(My code in the contest time had this same bug)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Ah, now I understand Such a case like 4x + 6y = 5 does not occur, for this has no integer solutions: gcd(a, b) and gcd(a, b, c) always coincide

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6 years ago, # |
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My code got accepted for C1. But it is giving wrong answer in C2. Can someone please help

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Assuming your logic is correct throughout the code, the only thing that I think could cause this is if you are not using longs as you generate the final answer in C2.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +19 Vote: I do not like it

Problem F is almost the same as 《故乡的梦》 on bzoj（which is a Chinese OJ). Anyway,Problem E is very interesting.(Although some part of this problem appeared in Atcoder AGC 31 C) :D

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    AGC031 C actually inspired this problem :)

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6 years ago, # |
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can someone help me with my code for D?

I am getting RE on test 18.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +19 Vote: I do not like it

We can optimize problem D even further. Suppose at a dp state, we have $$$ks \leq kt$$$, then we don't even need to save $$$ks$$$ as a state, because we can directly calculate $$$ks$$$ using $$$kt$$$. Hence, the number of dp states are now only $$$O(|c| \cdot \max(|s|, |t|))$$$.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Problem D can be solved in a better way.

We build an ACAM(Aho-Corasick Automaton) for $$$s$$$ and $$$t$$$ and then we do dynamic programming on the ACAM.

Let $$$dp_{i,j}$$$ be the largest answer we can get in a walk on the ACAM which consists of $$$j$$$ steps and ends at node $$$i$$$. Initially $$$dp_{rt,0}=0$$$ and the others are $$$-\infty$$$, where $$$rt$$$ denotes the root of the trie of the ACAM. Finally the answer is the maximum value of all those $$$dp_{i,|c|}$$$s where i denotes a node on the ACAM. Do not forget to add all $$$i$$$'s fail-nodes' value to $$$i$$$'s value.

The time complexity is $$$O(26\times |c|\times (|s|+|t|))$$$.

An ACAM can deal with similar problems with 2 strings or more. How nice! :D

Code: 53944139

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6 years ago, # |
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can someone tell me what's wrong with my solution?

I am not sure why am I getting wrong answer for bigger values of N. https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/53945287

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    The precision of float is not enough, try double.

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6 years ago, # |
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For D, What's the complexity that get the nxt array?

for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
        for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
        {
            int cur = i;
            while (cur > 0 && s[cur + 1] != c)
                cur = kmp[cur];
            if (s[cur + 1] == c)
                ++cur;
            nxt[i][c - 'a'] = cur;
        }
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6 years ago, # |
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Use Aho-Corasick automation,Problem D's Complexity can be O(|c|⋅(|s|+|t|)).

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +44 Vote: I do not like it

I think the tests of the problem E is not strong enough.

Here is my solution: https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/53950641

Here is the hacking test:

2
4 5

But my solution gets:

1
0 0

It is obviously wrong. Because my solution thinks if it is possible to get all $$$2^i\ (0 \leq i \leq x)$$$ from the basis, $$$x$$$ is going to be valid. Maybe not only me wrote like that.

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6 years ago, # |
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In problem C2 tutorial, can anyone explain why c=y1x2−y2x1 ?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Equation of a line is (y-y1)=m(x-x1) now m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1) now try to change this formula in form of equation of line y=mx+c You will get c=y1x2-y2x1.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

E can be solved in $$$O(n+MAX)$$$ by using counting sort and Gray code.53956574

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6 years ago, # |
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Can you explain "We now iterate over these "blocks" of parallel lines and count the number of pairs each block contributes — a block of size s gives s(s−1)2 pairs." ?? And in problem B, why cnt[mx — 1] * (mx — 1) == i — mx && cnt[mx] == 1 is one color has the occurence 1 more than any other color ?? I don't understand. Thank you very much <3 <3 <3

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

Thanks for the round!

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Can someone explain a bit more in detail solution for D? What exactly is the array nxt[N][26], and how it is constructed? I know about KMP as algorithm for finding pattern in text in O(N) time complexity.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    you can view nxt[i][c] as, i (before) matched length, c new char, nxt will be (after) matched length. similar in KMP search method, [26] just pre-process those possibility.

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6 years ago, # |
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Need help for problem C2. Why my submission giving WA. Even it is working fine at IDE.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

I'm having trouble understanding one detail for problem F. To handle the case that an edge $$$e$$$ on the main path increases in cost, we need a way to find the shortest path from $$$1$$$ to $$$N$$$ not using $$$e$$$. The proposed approach generates a set of candidate paths, each of which avoids some interval of edges on the main path, and finds the shortest among those avoiding $$$e$$$. How can we prove that for every $$$e$$$, the shortest possible distance will certainly appear within that set of candidates?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

    Now if for each $$$u$$$, $$$l_u$$$ is tightly bounded, i.e. every shortest path from $$$1$$$ to $$$u$$$ must uses the first $$$l_u$$$ edges of the main path (same analogy for tight $$$r_u$$$), then the the set shortest possible distance not using the edge $$$e$$$ is maximized.

    Now, what if $$$l_u$$$ and $$$r_u$$$ is not tightly bounded? I will call the tight bound of $$$l_u$$$ as $$$tl_u$$$, and tight bound of $$$r_u$$$ as $$$tr_u$$$. I will skip over this part a little fast, but basically take the shortest path using the tight bound $$$tl_u$$$ and $$$tr_v$$$ of a candidate edge $$$(u, v)$$$, and let's call the set of edges on this shortest path from $$$tl_u$$$ to $$$tr_v$$$ as $$$S_e$$$. Then I can prove that the union of the ranges $$$l_{u_e}$$$, $$$r_{v_e}$$$ of all the edges belong to this $$$S_e$$$ set to be exactly $$$tl_u$$$ to $$$tr_v$$$, without any interruption. So, in one way or another, the value of the shortest path that must pass through the candidate edge $$$(u, v)$$$ will appear in the range $$$tl_u$$$ to $$$tr_v$$$, regardless of the values of $$$l_u$$$ and $$$r_v$$$.

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6 years ago, # |
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My way of solving B is maintaining a multiset of the counts of each color. At each step, it is possible if (1st element is 1 and 2nd element = greatest element) or (1st element = next-to-last element and next-to-last element = last element - 1).

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6 years ago, # |
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Can anyone help me? I am unable to find where I am going wrong. This is my solution for problem C2(Power Transmission), I am getting wrong answer on test 10. link: https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/53963521 Thank You.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    fil.size() return unsigned int (4bytes) on codeforces which will overflow when multiply.

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6 years ago, # |
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In C2 code implementation , I didn't understand this part . please help me --- // simplify equation int d = gcd(a, b); a /= d, b /= d; if (a < 0 || (a == 0 && b < 0)) { a = -a; b = -b; }

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6 years ago, # |
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Why does https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/53983303 get accepted but https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/53982305 give wrong answer?

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6 years ago, # |
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I am getting wrong answer on test case 10 in Power transmission( Hard version ) Is there any corner case in problem?

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6 years ago, # |
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Can someone please elaborate editorial's idea on solving D, in more detail?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    I will try explaining how i solved it :)

    lets start
    recursive part
    handling ks kt ...
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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    I discussed a solution here

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6 years ago, # |
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I tried submitting problem D's solution in practice without precomputing the next arrays, which the Author's solution does and it passed in almost the same time as the solution with the next arrays precomputed. Here's the code: 53966779

The solution has a worst case complexity of $$$O(26*|c|*|s|*|t|*max(|s|,|t|))$$$. So how can it pass? Is it because of weak test cases or is there a reason for this?

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 6   Vote: I like it -9 Vote: I do not like it

Anyone has come across any similar questions like D? Plz put their link.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Could anyone provide a clear explanation for problem D pls ?

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6 years ago, # |
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In the problem E, why does the dfs-solution (the second solution attached on the tutorial) works? Gray-Code works obviously, but I can not prove we can replace it with a simple dfs. (or am I misreading something?)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    That's what I was surprised with to be honest, at the beginning I wrote this DFS to try and hack it, but it ended up as a completely viable solution :/

    Since when I DFS like in the implementation, the first usable bit is always used, the sequence of the bit changed is actually the same as the Gray code, i.e. the bit changed are $$$0$$$, $$$1$$$, $$$0$$$, $$$2$$$, $$$0$$$, $$$1$$$, $$$0$$$, $$$3$$$, $$$0$$$, $$$1$$$, ... So, the DFS will trace a straight path of $$$2^x - 1$$$ numbers right away, since it is the same as Gray code.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
      ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +8 Vote: I do not like it

      Wow, so we can construct gray-code simply by using succinct DFS. I didn't know that.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it +11 Vote: I do not like it

Problem D : (Just Discussing a solution)

1. Given strings S and A , both contain lowercase English char only , we have to count how many occurrences of A in S. ...what we will do?..KMP right? so , we have LPS[] for string A.

( LPS[i] = length of " longest prefix which is also suffix " of sub-string A[0...i]) . Let's make an recursive implementation of KMP.

2. Now assume S can have some '*' which can be replaced by any char in between 'a'-'z' . How many occurrences now ?....KMP again..but we need LPS[i][c] now.

Where LPS[i][c] = length of " longest prefix which is also suffix " of string( A[0...i] + (char)(c+'a') ); what change will come in our above recursive solution?...

something like this, right?

3. Now come to our actual problem D. We need two different lps arrays LPS_A[][] and LPS_B[][] . how the func will change now?

Like this?

4. we're actually done!..just need to pre-calculate two LPS arrays using brute force and trivial dp memoization .Code

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6 years ago, # |
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Hi, this solution: http://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/54373882 returns WA for both C1 and C2, but in my IDE it returns the correct answer. Is there a problem with the compiler? Thanks.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    I didn't watch your code carefully, but as someone earlier said — using floating point numbers in such problems is a big NO NO. Try to remake your algorithm so that you operate only on integers.

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    5 years ago, # ^ |
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    db m = (a[i].second — a[j].second)/ ((a[i].first — a[j].first) * 1.0); The value of slope m lies in the range (-INF, +INF). db cannot store slope when it exceeds the capacity of db.

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      5 years ago, # ^ |
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      Ok, thanks, but still I don't get why I get the correct answer on my computer. Could someone test it yourselves locally? Thanks a lot.

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6 years ago, # |
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why does ceil function doesn't work in my solution??solution link-> https://codeforces.me/contest/1163/submission/54708474

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5 years ago, # |
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Help in C: Giving WA for large test cases... My logic for C is: Calculate number of distinct lines . then find total number of intersections.

And then from total, subtract all the parallel lines which won't be intersecting. Suppose for slope m , then are k parallel lines. Then subtract k*(k-1)/2 from total.

Do this for all the slopes.

Its giving WA for large test cases. Submission link: Submission Link Question Link: Question Link

Thanks in advance:)

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5 years ago, # |
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KMP state for the replaced sub-code to be ks and kt

Can anyone explain this line from the editorial of problem D
What is KMP state??

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4 years ago, # |
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Could someone explain problem D to me? I understand that the kmp array is the prefix function, but what is the nxt array supposed to be?

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