Ian and Mary are frogs living on lattice points of the Cartesian coordinate plane, with Ian living on $$$(0,0)$$$ and Mary living on $$$(a,b)$$$.
Ian would like to visit Mary by jumping around the Cartesian coordinate plane. Every second, he jumps from his current position $$$(x_p, y_p)$$$ to another lattice point $$$(x_q, y_q)$$$, such that no lattice point other than $$$(x_p, y_p)$$$ and $$$(x_q, y_q)$$$ lies on the segment between point $$$(x_p, y_p)$$$ and point $$$(x_q, y_q)$$$.
As Ian wants to meet Mary as soon as possible, he wants to jump towards point $$$(a,b)$$$ using at most $$$2$$$ jumps. Unfortunately, Ian is not good at maths. Can you help him?
A lattice point is defined as a point with both the $$$x$$$-coordinate and $$$y$$$-coordinate being integers.
The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 500$$$) — the number of test cases. The description of test cases follows.
The first and only line of each test case contains two integers $$$a$$$ and $$$b$$$ ($$$1\le a,b\le 10^9$$$) — the coordinates of the lattice point where Mary lives.
For each test case, print an integer $$$n$$$ ($$$1 \le n \le 2$$$) on the first line, denoting the number of jumps Ian uses in order to meet Mary. Note that you do not need to minimize the number of jumps.
On the $$$i$$$-th line of the next $$$n$$$ lines, print two integers $$$0 \le x_i,y_i \le 10^9$$$ separated by a space, denoting Ian's location $$$(x_i,y_i)$$$ after the $$$i$$$-th jump. $$$x_n = a$$$, $$$y_n = b$$$ must hold.
Ian's initial location and his locations after each of the $$$n$$$ jumps need not be distinct.
If there are multiple solutions, output any.
83 44 43 62 21 17 32022 20231000000000 1000000000
1 3 4 2 3 2 4 4 2 5 3 3 6 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 3 1 2022 2023 2 69420420 469696969 1000000000 1000000000
In the first test case:

$$$(0,0) \to (3,4)$$$
In the second test case:

$$$(0,0) \to (3,2) \to (4,4)$$$
In the third test case:

$$$(0,0) \to (5,3) \to (3,6)$$$
Consider a $$$2 \times n$$$ grid, where $$$n$$$ is an even integer. You may place the integers $$$1, 2, \ldots, 2n$$$ on the grid, using each integer exactly once.
A path is a sequence of cells achieved by starting at $$$(1, 1)$$$, then repeatedly walking either downwards or to the right, and stopping when $$$(2, n)$$$ is reached. The path should not extend beyond the grid.
The cost of a path is the alternating sum of the numbers written on the cells in a path. That is, let the numbers written on the cells be $$$a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k$$$ (in the order that it is visited), the cost of the path is $$$a_1 - a_2 + a_3 - a_4 + \ldots = \sum_{i=1}^k a_i \cdot (-1)^{i+1}$$$.
Construct a way to place the integers $$$1, 2, \ldots, 2n$$$ on the grid, such that the minimum cost over all paths from $$$(1, 1)$$$ to $$$(2, n)$$$ is maximized. If there are multiple such grids that result in the maximum value, output any of them.
The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \leq t \leq 1000$$$) — the number of test cases. The description of test cases follows.
The first and the only line of each test case contains a single integer $$$n$$$ ($$$2 \leq n \leq 10^5$$$, $$$n$$$ is even) — the number of the columns in the grid.
It is guaranteed that the sum of $$$n$$$ over all test cases does not exceed $$$10^5$$$.
For each test case, output $$$2$$$ lines, each containing $$$n$$$ integers — the desired grid. If there are multiple solutions, output any of them.
3246
3 2 1 4 8 2 6 4 1 5 3 7 11 5 9 1 7 3 6 10 2 8 4 12
In the first test case, there are only two paths from cell $$$(1, 1)$$$ to cell $$$(2, 2)$$$. Their costs are $$$3-1+4=6$$$ and $$$3-2+4=5$$$. Then the minimum cost is $$$5$$$, which is the maximum possible value.
In the second test case, there are four paths from cell $$$(1, 1)$$$ to cell $$$(2, 4)$$$. Their costs are $$$8-1+5-3+7=16$$$, $$$8-2+5-3+7=15$$$, $$$8-2+6-3+7=16$$$, and $$$8-2+6-4+7=15$$$. Then the minimum value is $$$15$$$, which is the maximum possible value.
To thank Ian, Mary gifted an array $$$a$$$ of length $$$n$$$ to Ian. To make himself look smart, he wants to make the array in non-decreasing order by doing the following finitely many times: he chooses two adjacent elements $$$a_i$$$ and $$$a_{i+1}$$$ ($$$1\le i\le n-1$$$), and increases both of them by $$$1$$$ or decreases both of them by $$$1$$$. Note that, the elements of the array can become negative.
As a smart person, you notice that, there are some arrays such that Ian cannot make it become non-decreasing order! Therefore, you decide to write a program to determine if it is possible to make the array in non-decreasing order.
The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \leq t \leq 10^4$$$) — the number of test cases. The description of test cases follows.
The first line of each test case consists of a single integer $$$n$$$ ($$$2\le n\le 3\cdot10^5$$$) — the number of elements in the array.
The second line of each test case contains $$$n$$$ integers $$$a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n$$$ ($$$1\le a_i\le 10^9$$$) — the elements of the array $$$a$$$.
It is guaranteed that the sum of $$$n$$$ over all test cases does not exceed $$$3\cdot10^5$$$.
For each test case, output "YES" if there exists a sequence of operations which make the array non-decreasing, else output "NO".
You may print each letter in any case (for example, "YES", "Yes", "yes", "yEs" will all be recognized as positive answer).
531 3 222 141 3 5 742 1 4 355 4 3 2 1
YES NO YES NO YES
For the first test case, we can increase $$$a_2$$$ and $$$a_3$$$ both by $$$1$$$. The array is now $$$[1, 4, 3]$$$.
Then we can decrease $$$a_1$$$ and $$$a_2$$$ both by $$$1$$$. The array is now $$$[0, 3, 3]$$$, which is sorted in non-decreasing order. So the answer is "YES".
For the second test case, no matter how Ian perform the operations, $$$a_1$$$ will always be larger than $$$a_2$$$. So the answer is "NO" and Ian cannot pretend to be smart.
For the third test case, the array is already in non-decreasing order, so Ian does not need to do anything.
This is an interactive problem.
There is a hidden permutation $$$p_1, p_2, \dots, p_n$$$.
Consider an undirected graph with $$$n$$$ nodes only with no edges. You can make two types of queries:
Note that you can make both types of queries in any order.
Within $$$2n$$$ queries (including type $$$1$$$ and type $$$2$$$), guess two possible permutations, at least one of which is $$$p_1, p_2, \dots, p_n$$$. You get accepted if at least one of the permutations is correct. You are allowed to guess the same permutation twice.
A permutation of length $$$n$$$ is an array consisting of $$$n$$$ distinct integers from $$$1$$$ to $$$n$$$ in arbitrary order. For example, $$$[2,3,1,5,4]$$$ is a permutation, but $$$[1,2,2]$$$ is not a permutation ($$$2$$$ appears twice in the array), and $$$[1,3,4]$$$ is also not a permutation ($$$n=3$$$ but there is $$$4$$$ in the array).
Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 100$$$) — the number of test cases.
The first line of each test case contains a single integer $$$n$$$ ($$$2 \le n \le 10^3$$$) — the length of the permutation.
It is guaranteed that the sum of $$$n$$$ over all test cases does not exceed $$$10^3$$$.
The interaction for each test case begins by reading the integer $$$n$$$.
Then, make at most $$$2n$$$ queries:
At any point of the interaction, if you want to guess two permutations, output "! $$$p_{1,1}$$$ $$$p_{1,2}$$$ $$$\dots$$$ $$$p_{1,n}$$$ $$$p_{2,1}$$$ $$$p_{2,2}$$$ $$$\dots$$$ $$$p_{2,n}$$$". Note that you should output the two permutations on the same line, and no exclamation mark is needed to separate the two permutations. After doing that read $$$1$$$ or $$$-2$$$. If you read $$$1$$$ your answer was correct, otherwise it was incorrect and your program must terminate immediately to receive a Wrong Answer verdict. After that, move on to the next test case, or terminate the program if there are none. Note that reporting the answer does not count as a query.
Note that even if you output a correct permutation, the second permutation should be a permutation and not an arbitrary array.
At any point, if you continue interaction after reading in the integer $$$-2$$$, you can get an arbitrary verdict because your solution will continue to read from a closed stream.
After printing a query or the answer do not forget to output the end of line and flush the output. Otherwise, you will get Idleness limit exceeded. To do this, use:
Interactor is non-adaptive. This means that all permutations are fixed before the interaction starts.
Hacks
To make a hack, use the following format.
The first line should contain a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 100$$$) — the number of test cases.
The first line of each test case should contain a single integer $$$n$$$ ($$$2 \le n \le 10^3$$$) — the length of the permutation.
The second line of each test case should contain $$$n$$$ distinct integers $$$p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n$$$ ($$$1 \le p_i \le n$$$) — the hidden permutation.
The sum of $$$n$$$ over all test cases should not exceed $$$10^3$$$.
2 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 -1 1 2 1
+ 12 + 2 + 3 ? 1 3 + 5 ? 1 5 ? 4 5 ! 1 4 2 5 3 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 ! 1 2 2 1
In the first test case, $$$n=6$$$ and the hidden permutation $$$p = [1,4,2,5,3,6]$$$.
Firstly, make a type $$$1$$$ query on $$$x=12, 2, 3$$$ respectively. This adds four edges to the graph in total:
Since all of these queries are valid, the interactor returns $$$1$$$ after each of them.
Then, query the number of edges in the shortest path between node $$$p_1 = 1$$$ and $$$p_3 = 2$$$, which is equal to $$$1$$$.
Then, make a type $$$1$$$ query on $$$x=5$$$. This adds four edges to the graph in total:
Since this query is valid, the interactor returns $$$1$$$.
Then, query the number of edges in the shortest path between node $$$p_1 = 1$$$ and $$$p_5 = 3$$$, which is equal to $$$2$$$.
Then, query the number of edges in the shortest path between node $$$p_4 = 5$$$ and $$$p_5 = 3$$$. Such a path doesn't exist, therefore the interactor returns $$$-1$$$.
Afterwards, due to some magic, two possible permutations that can be $$$p$$$ are determined: the first permutation is $$$[1,4,2,5,3,6]$$$ and the second permutation is $$$[1,2,3,4,5,6]$$$. Since the first permutation is equal to the hidden permutation, this test case is solved correctly. In total, $$$7$$$ queries are used, which is within the limit of $$$2 \cdot 6 = 12$$$ queries.
Since the answer is correct, the interactor returns $$$1$$$.
In the second test case, $$$n=2$$$ and the hidden permutation is $$$p = [2,1]$$$.
Since there are only $$$2! = 2$$$ possible permutations, no queries are needed. It is sufficient to just output the two permutations, $$$[1,2]$$$ and $$$[2,1]$$$. In total, $$$0$$$ queries are used, which is within the limit of $$$2 \cdot 2 = 4$$$ queries.
Since the answer is correct, the interactor returns $$$1$$$.
You are given an integer $$$n$$$, as well as $$$m$$$ pairs of integers $$$(a_i,b_i)$$$, where $$$1\leq a_i , b_i \leq n$$$, $$$a_i \ne b_i$$$.
You want to construct a sequence satisfying the following requirements:
Sometimes, it is possible that such a sequence can be arbitrarily long, in which case you should output "INFINITE". Otherwise, you should output "FINITE" and the sequence itself. If there are multiple possible constructions that yield the maximum length, output any.
Each test consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 300$$$) — the number of test cases. The description of test cases follows.
The first line of each test case contains two integers $$$n$$$ and $$$m$$$ ($$$1 \le n \le 1500$$$, $$$0 \le m \le 5000$$$) — the maximum possible value of the element of the sequence and the number of pairs.
The $$$i$$$-th of the next $$$m$$$ lines contain two integers $$$a_i$$$ and $$$b_i$$$ ($$$1 \le a_i , b_i \le n$$$, $$$a_i \ne b_i$$$).
$$$(a_i, b_i) \ne (a_j, b_j)$$$ for all $$$1 \le i \lt j \le m$$$.
It is guaranteed that sum of $$$n$$$ over all test cases doesn't exceed $$$1500$$$ and the sum of $$$m$$$ over all test cases doesn't exceed $$$5000$$$.
For each test case, on the first line output "INFINITE" if the sequence can be arbitrarily long, and "FINITE" otherwise.
If you have outputted "FINITE", then your output should be followed by $$$2$$$ lines.
The first line contains an integer $$$s$$$, the maximum length of the sequence.
The second line contains $$$s$$$ integers, each are between $$$1$$$ and $$$n$$$ inclusive, representing the elements of the sequence.
If there are multiple sequences with the maximum length, output any of them.
It can be shown that, for all test cases with answer "FINITE", then under the constraints, the maximum possible sum of sequence lengths of those test cases does not exceed $$$2\cdot10^6$$$.
53 23 12 11 02 02 21 22 15 52 13 14 24 55 1
FINITE 5 2 3 1 2 3 FINITE 1 1 INFINITE FINITE 3 2 1 2 FINITE 10 4 2 3 5 4 1 3 2 5 4
In the first test case, there is an element $$$1$$$ between two elements with value $$$3$$$ and an element $$$1$$$ between two elements with value $$$2$$$. It can be shown that there is no suitable sequences of length more than $$$5$$$.
In the second case, $$$[1]$$$ is the only possible sequence because there should be exactly one element with value $$$1$$$ in the sequence.
In the third case, we can get an arbitrary long sequence like $$$1, 2, 2, 2, \ldots$$$.
Given two positive integers $$$n$$$ and $$$m$$$. Find the sum of all possible values of $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2\bigoplus\ldots\bigoplus a_m$$$, where $$$a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_m$$$ are non-negative integers such that $$$a_1+a_2+\ldots+a_m=n$$$.
Note that all possible values $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2\bigoplus\ldots\bigoplus a_m$$$ should be counted in the sum exactly once.
As the answer may be too large, output your answer modulo $$$998244353$$$.
Here, $$$\bigoplus$$$ denotes the bitwise XOR operation.
Each test consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 10^4$$$) — the number of test cases. The description of test cases follows.
The first and only line of each test case contains two integers $$$n$$$ and $$$m$$$ ($$$0\le n\le 10^{18}, 1\le m\le 10^5$$$) — the sum and the number of integers in the set, respectively.
For each test case, output the sum of all possible values of $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2\bigoplus\ldots\bigoplus a_m$$$ among all non-negative integers $$$a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_m$$$ with $$$a_1+a_2+\ldots+a_m=n$$$. As the answer may be too large, output your answer modulo $$$998244353$$$.
769 15 20 10420 6912 2673 341000000000000000000 10
69 6 0 44310 42 1369 216734648
For the first test case, we must have $$$a_1=69$$$, so it's the only possible value of $$$a_1$$$, therefore our answer is $$$69$$$.
For the second test case, $$$(a_1,a_2)$$$ can be $$$(0,5), (1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1)$$$ or $$$(5,0)$$$, in which $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2$$$ are $$$5,5,1,1,5,5$$$ respectively. So $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2$$$ can be $$$1$$$ or $$$5$$$, therefore our answer is $$$1+5=6$$$.
For the third test case, $$$a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_{10}$$$ must be all $$$0$$$, so $$$a_1\bigoplus a_2\bigoplus\ldots\bigoplus a_{10}=0$$$. Therefore our answer is $$$0$$$.